Dossier Génie génétique
Le dossier du Forum Recherche génétique donnent un aperçu de l’état actuel des connaissances et des développements dans le domaine des nouveaux procédés de génie génétique.
Pour les décisionnaires, les professionnels des médias, les enseignant∙e∙s et autres personnes intéressées, le forum rassemble les principaux rapports de synthèse, prises de position et autres publications pertinents pour la Suisse, ainsi que des informations utiles sur les événements des universités, des instituts de recherche, des autorités et des organismes de renommée internationale.
Actualités
Genome Editing bezeichnet die jüngste Generation gentechnischer Verfahren, darunter das Werkzeug CRISPR/Cas9, dessen Entdeckung 2020 mit einem Nobelpreis ausgezeichnet wurde. Die Anwendung von Genome Editing am Menschen weckt Hoffnungen auf neue medizinische Therapien. Mit der Möglichkeit von Keimbahninterventionen, also dauerhaften, vererbbaren Eingriffen in das menschliche Genom, stellen sich aber auch grundsätzliche ethische Fragen. Der TAB-Arbeitsbericht Nr. 191 bietet einen aktuellen, interdisziplinären Überblick über die umfangreiche Diskussion zum Thema Genome Editing am Menschen.
Image : Büro für Technikfolgen-Abschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag
Im „Fünften Gentechnologiebericht“ bieten namhafte Expert*innen einen Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen der dynamischen Forschungsfelder der Gen- und Zelltechnologien und ihrer Anwendungen. Dabei geht es um genetische Diagnostik, somatische Gentherapie, Impfstoffentwicklung, Stammzell- und Organoidforschung, Grüne Gentechnik, Synthetische Biologie, Gene Drives, Genome Editing, Epigenetik und Einzelzellanalyse. Neben den Sachstandsberichten werden auch die gesellschaftliche Wahrnehmung der Gentechnologien sowie ethische und rechtliche Fragen erörtert, u.a. zu Genome Editing, Hirnorganoiden und Big Data in der personalisierten Medizin. Die interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe Gentechnologiebericht gibt Handlungsempfehlungen zu zentralen Themen.
Image : Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
This report examines the social and ethical issues raised by the potential use of genome editing technologies in farmed animal breeding.
Image : Nuffield Council on Bioethics
Est-il pertinent de soumettre les nouvelles méthodes de sélection des plantes avec des ciseaux génétiques à la loi sur le génie génétique, comme c’est le cas actuellement ? La question suscite des controverses parmi les experts.
An Evidence Review Group organized by the Swiss Academy of Sciences has looked in a multi-stakeholder scientific dialogue process at the currently available scientific evidence on agro-gene technology, with a focus on the Swiss context. This joint learning process resulted in a compilation of scientific publications that are considered relevant when discussing the potential impact of agro-gene-technology in Switzerland as well as in the identification of four key issues that can help foster a constructive dialogue among scientists and stakeholders.
17.08.2021 – Depuis des années, l’argument selon lequel « les consommateurs ne veulent pas d’OGM dans leur assiette » est utilisé pour étouffer tout débat sur le génie génétique dans l’agriculture. En réalité, ce que les consommateurs veulent n’est pas clair et dépend, en outre, fortement de la nature du débat.
This report is the work of the Task Force on Sustainable Agriculture and Innovation which was established by Re-Imagine Europa (RIE) as part of its programme on Narratives, Climate and the Future. The Task Force consists of more than 70 experts from a wide range of backgrounds and disciplines covering NGOs, academia, CSOs and industry. This report has been prepared in the context of the current discussions on the legislation on genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which should be more resilient, future-proof and uniformly applied. On the 29th of April, the European Commission published a study on new genomic techniques where the Commission indicated that it will initiate a policy action on plants derived from new genomic techniques (NGTs). Here we present five policy options to be considered in the upcoming debate between the Council, the European Parliament and relevant stakeholders. In an era of climate change and biodiversity loss, the need for innovation in human activity has never been more pressing. The focus of this report is the topic of genome editing as the first innovation, amongst a number, to be considered. The reason for this initial focus is the major developments in the technology over recent years and the legislative ramifications that these developments entail.
The recent application of tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Cas9 nuclease), to edit the human genome with the intention of treating or preventing disease and the gaps in our scientific understanding, in addition to some of the proposed applications of human genome editing, raise ethical issues that have highlighted the need for robust oversight in this area. In December 2018, WHO established a global, multidisciplinary expert advisory committee (the Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing, hereafter called the Committee) to examine the scientific, ethical, social and legal challenges associated with human genome editing (somatic, germline and heritable).
The recent application of tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Cas9 nuclease), to edit the human genome with the intention of treating or preventing disease and the gaps in our scientific understanding, in addition to some of the proposed applications of human genome editing, raise ethical issues that have highlighted the need for robust oversight in this area In December 2018, WHO established a global, multidisciplinary expert advisory committee (the Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing, hereafter called the Committee) to examine the scientific, ethical, social and legal challenges associated with human genome editing (somatic, germline and heritable).
The recent application of tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Cas9 nuclease), to edit the human genome with the intention of treating or preventing disease and the gaps in our scientific understanding, in addition to some of the proposed applications of human genome editing, raise ethical issues that have highlighted the need for robust oversight in this area. In December 2018, WHO established a global, multidisciplinary expert advisory committee (the Expert Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing, hereafter called the Committee) to examine the scientific, ethical, social and legal challenges associated with human genome editing (somatic, germline and heritable).
As a service to the field, the ISSCR develops guidelines that address the international diversity of cultural, political, legal, and ethical issues associated with stem cell research and its translation to medicine. The guidelines maintain and underscore widely shared principles in science that call for rigor, oversight, and transparency in all areas of practice. Adherence to these principles provides assurance that stem cell research is conducted with scientific and ethical integrity and that new therapies are evidence-based. Responding to advances in science, the guidelines were updated in 2021 to encompass a broader and more expansive scope of research and clinical endeavor while maintaining the fundamental principles of the research and application. The 2021 guidelines include new recommendations to address the recent scientific advances involving embryos, stem cell-based embryo models, chimeras, organoids, and genome editing.
Wie entwickelt sich menschliches Leben, wodurch lässt sich die Fortpflanzungsmedizin verbessern und in welcher Weise können Stammzellen bei der Entwicklung neuer Therapien gegen Volkskrankheiten wie Diabetes oder Herzinfarkt helfen? Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen dürfen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler in Deutschland bislang nur wenig beitragen, da dafür erforderliche Studien an menschlichen Embryonen außerhalb des Körpers durch das Embryonenschutzgesetz (ESchG) verboten sind. In ihrer gemeinsamen Stellungnahme „Neubewertung des Schutzes von In-vitro-Embryonen in Deutschland“ empfehlen Leopoldina und Akademienunion, Embryonenforschung für hochrangige Forschungsziele im Einklang mit internationalen ethischen Standards künftig zu ermöglichen und den dafür erforderlichen Rechtsrahmen neu zu diskutieren.
On 29 April 2021, the European Commission published a study regarding the status of New Genomic Techniques under Union law.
Les Académies suisses des sciences considèrent que la législation sur le génie génétique en vigueur n’est plus d’actualité. Elles invitent à élaborer le plus rapidement possible de nouvelles options réglementaires et de les soumettre à un large débat. L’objectif principal devrait viser à exploiter les chances des nouvelles technologies génétiques pour la sélection végétale et l’agriculture en Suisse selon une démarche responsable et inclusive.
Les cassettes de forçage génétique ou guidage génétique (gene drives) sont des éléments génétiques d’organismes sexués qui modifient l’hérédité d’une caractéristique souhaitée. On peut s’en servir pour répandre un caractère pour modifier des individus ou bien pour réduire leur nombre dans des populations sauvages d’une espèce donnée.
Ravageurs, changement climatique, appauvrissement des ressources – de nouvelles variétés de plantes sont constamment nécessaires pour produire suffisamment d’aliments de haute qualité qui respectent autant que possible l’environnement.
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